The bespoke factory will focus on the onboard production of individually quick-frozen (IQF) scallop meat, delivering an exceptional product from Arctic scallops to the seafood market. The scallops are harvested with Ava Ocean’s award-winning technology in the remote Barents Sea in Norway, making the products truly unique on a global scale.


"Producing scallops in the Barents Sea requires a factory capable of performing under challenging conditions. Our partnership with Optimar aims to develop a solution that not only meets these challenges but also delivers premium-quality, ready-to-eat products that reflect the true value of these uniquely harvested scallops from the Arctic," said Øystein Tvedt, CEO of Ava Ocean.


"We have acquired invaluable insights over the past two years of operation that we are applying to this project. Combined with our unique non-invasive harvesting concept, the frozen-at-sea Arctic scallop meat will stand apart in the market, and efficient, high-quality factory production is essential to providing sustainable premium seafood products that are unrivalled worldwide," Tvedt explained.


Optimar’s Sales Manager for Spain, Miguel Gonzales commented: "Evolving market demands aren’t just challenges—they’re opportunities. Thanks to an exceptional collaboration with AVA’s team, we’ve immersed ourselves in this intricate process, mastering every detail to craft a solution that’s both robust and flexible. Rooted in the company’s deep expertise, our approach transforms complexity into innovation."

Research-driven innovation in seafood processing

as a partner, Ava Ocean has also received 3.6 million NOK (approximately £290,000) in funding from the Research Council of Norway to further develop factory solutions for Arctic scallops in the Barents Sea.

This project, titled “

” (Sustainable, High-Efficiency, Low-Emission Shellfish Processing), is a collaborative effort with Nofima and Sintef, aiming to identify more efficient production methods for scallops that produce lower emissions while improving seafood quality.

“Innovation is something we strive to do not only when it comes to harvesting, but in all aspects of our operations,” says Dagny-Elise Anastassiou, project manager and Chief Impact Officer at Ava Ocean. “We are delighted to be able to integrate a research dimension into the processing aspect of our project, aiming to close technology gaps and find optimal ways of processing scallops onboard for both quality and efficiency.”

Vessel refit underway to continue historic fishery

The development of this state-of-the-art factory is a key component of a vessel 

refit process currently underway at Fiskerstrand Shipyard

 outside Aalesund in Norway. Ava Ocean’s new vessel, previously known as Artemis Arctic and originally a prawn trawler named Ocean Trawler, was sold to Ava Ocean in a trade deal with Maritimt Management in 2024.

In the rebuild, Ava Ocean’s patented harvesting solution will be fitted to the new vessel, and the new factory installed along with several other improvements. Upon completion, the ship, which is yet to be renamed, will recommence the fishery of Arctic scallops in the Barents Sea, which, thanks to the proven non-invasiveness of the harvesting technique, was reopened by Ava Ocean in 2023.




The work to deliver a state of the art factory onboard Ava Ocean’s unique harvesting vessel for Arctic scallops is well underway in Aalesund, Norway.

Ava Ocean partners with Optimar to build onboard scallop factory

In northern Norway, native kelp has been decimated by the march of urchins, a species whose voracious appetite and over-abundance as predators have been over-fished has turned once-kelp-green waters into barrens devoid of their natural biodiversity.

This is the balance that the Ocean Green consortium is seeking to restore. 

 project is a world-first in its scale, scope and ambition, with plans to restore kelp forests over a large scale and for the long term.


“We know that restoring the kelp forests of northern Norway will provide a huge boost to local biodiversity,” says Dagny-Elise Anastassiou, chief impact officer at Ava Ocean, lead on the Ocean Green Project. “We have seen how quickly kelp returns when you clear urchins – and the ocean life comes with it.


“That alone is of huge value but we also know that healthy kelp forests act as a nature-based sea defence system. They offer carbon sequestration. And, by establishing a new urchin fishery to drive a zero-waste, circular economy for clearing urchin barrens, Ocean Green is also delivering social benefits to the communities it serves. These are the kinds of tangible, holistic and long-term benefits that should come with any kind of credit system – be that carbon removal or biodiversity. We should be delivering on all fronts.”

Anastassiou stresses the need for a robust system that makes investment easier and more transparent. “Carbon and biodiversity credits are a real win-win for hard-to-abate emissions – but they must deliver. High-quality credits allow companies to invest in sustainability projects like Ocean Green while also offering an essential funding stream that offers stability and longevity to the projects themselves, allowing them to achieve more over the longer term.”

Nata Tavonvunchai, a sustainability consultant with Across Nature, which works with Ocean Green has been exploring the possibilities of self-reliance that come from the credit system.


The idea of biodiversity credits is quite new, she explains “but they offer something more tangible than the traditional carbon-focus, which is harder to visualise. With biodiversity credits, we’re looking at species count and species diversity. We’re looking at habitat complexity and structure.”


Tavonvunchai talks about the ‘permanence’ of the solutions being offered on the credits market. And this is where the idea of carbon credits 2.0 comes in. “Previously, the focus was really on the carbon, with social or benefits seen as add ons. But the approach should be holistic and broader benefits should come as standard.”

“With the Ocean Green project, what we are really emphasising is the potential for permanence,” she continues. Though incredibly important, the lifespan of a kelp plant does impact its carbon sequestration abilities – with further research still ongoing in areas such as 

the role of kelp detritus in the deep sea

. But, as Tavonvunchai points out, “we’re looking to make sure the biodiversity and social benefits of the Ocean Green project continue. We’re focused on that longevity and that tangibility.”

Carbon credits are essentially a system designed to compensate for unavoidable emissions while companies work become greener. But some critics raise questions about the quality or impact of some of the credits traditionally offered.


Increasingly however, it is being recognised that certain sectors – particularly those with ‘hard-to-abate’ emissions, such as from essential activities – will be unable to meet their net-zero goals without some form of carbon credit system. Tavonvunchai also points out that, because of the newness of biodiversity credits, these novel credits offer an opportunity to learn from past criticisms and deliver an even higher impact.


As the sector matures, moving into areas such as carbon removal as well as biodiversity credits, experts from corporate advisers such as Nasdaq and McKinsey to the 

 agree that the credits system is an essential cog in the global transition – and what is needed now is a new generation of solutions that come with a much broader scope than just carbon.


Anticipated demand for high-quality credits far outstrips what is currently on offer in the carbon market and there is an urgent need for creative, high-quality solutions that deliver across multiple challenges and for the long term. Growing demands from investors – including the world’s largest money manager 

, which has been spearheading biodiversity reporting by its investee companies – is further driving the potential for biodiversity credits as a sustainability solution.

One of the goals of Ocean Green is to become a self-funded project. Ocean Green was awarded NOK 47 million from the Norwegian government Green Platform grant to run for three years but is also looking at how it can open an entirely new fishery to further fund its work.


As Ocean Green works to remove urchins at scale, allowing kelp to return to Norway’s northern waters, scientists within the consortium are looking at economically viable products that can be developed through zero-waste solutions. Those products will help drive the project forward, offering durability as well as a template for others 


Carbon and biodiversity credits offer yet another funding source: “These credits are meant to provide a sustainable, long-term, independent source of financing for projects like Ocean Green,” says Tavonvunchai. The idea is essentially a virtuous circle, where funding from such credits drives the growth of regenerative, carbon sequestering projects that boost biodiversity.

 and (at the time) projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 39.4% from 2024 to 2030. There is a huge pot of money with the potential to be funneled into projects that do long-lasting environmental good.


Kelp is something of a wonder plant. From a natural coastal defence system to a foundational species that provides shelter and a place to grow for a myriad of ocean life, these underwater rainforests also serve as essential carbon sinks.

Carbon markets 2.0: How the Ocean Green project fills a need far beyond carbon capture

Skipet, som tidligere het Artemis Arctic og var opprinnelig reketråleren Ocean Trawler, har vært i tjeneste som seismikkskip for oljenæringen, men vil over de neste månedene returnere til sitt opprinnelige formål: fiskeri.


«Vi er glade for å kunne gi ombyggingskontrakten til Fiskerstrand Verft, som også sto for ombyggingen av vårt første skip. Å kunne benytte en av de gode lokale aktørene i regionen passer godt med vårt ønske om å bidra til bærekraftig utvikling i mer enn bare fiskeriet vi opererer,» sier Øystein Tvedt, CEO i Ava Ocean.


«Skipet som nå bygges om representerer et svært godt utgangspunkt for å fortsette vårt banebrytende fiskeriet i Barentshavet, og vil kunne gi både praktiske og økonomiske besparelser for Ava Ocean. Vi har jobbet intenst over lengre tid for å finne et skip som er optimalt for både høstesystement og de forholdene vi opererer i,» sier Tvedt.


«Det er spennende å være med på et prosjekt som er med på å drive videre et grønt skifte i fiskeriene, og vi er veldig fornøyd med at vi i igjen får kontrakten fra Ava Ocean for ombygging av Artemis Arctic. Vi ser frem til å fortsette det gode samarbeidet og med det bidra til at rederiet lykkes med sitt unike fiskerikonsept,» sier Dag Vikestrand, Administrerende Direktør ved Fiskerstrand Verft.

Fortsetter fisket etter arktiske kamskjell i Barentshavet

Ava Ocean har utviklet et unikt høstesystem som skånsomt løfter bunnlevende sjømat fra havbunnen, med minimal påvirkning på bunnfauna og svært lite bifangst. På bakgrunn av konseptets dokumenterte skånsomhet har selskapet fått tildelt den første kvoten for å fiske arktiske kamskjell i Barentshavet på over 30 år. Det tidligere fartøyet fangstet kamskjell for 107m NOK i første fangstsår, men møtte utfordringer med fabrikkproduksjon ombord.


Ombyggingen inkluderer installasjon av det innovative høstesystemet samt en ny fabrikk og finansieres gjennom et samarbeid mellom Innovasjon Norge, Eksfin og Sparebanken Møre.


Ava Ocean har valgt Fiskerstrand Verft utenfor Ålesund til arbeidet med ombyggingen av sitt nye fartøy for fiske av arktiske kamskjell i Barentshavet.

Ava Ocean i gang med ombygging av unikt skjellhøstefartøy ved Fiskerstrand Verft 

The ship, formerly known as the Artemis Arctic and originally a prawn trawler named Ocean Trawler, has served as a seismic vessel for the oil industry but is set to return to its original purpose: fishing, over the coming months.


"This ship represents an excellent foundation for continuing our potentially industry changing fishing activities in the Barents Sea and promises both practical and economic benefits for Ava Ocean. We have worked diligently for an extended period to identify a vessel that is optimal for both the harvesting system and the natural conditions in which we operate," said Øystein Tvedt, CEO of Ava Ocean.


"We are pleased to award the refit contract to Fiskerstrand Shipyard, which also handled the rebuild of our first vessel. Collaborating with a reputable local operator in the region aligns with our commitment to promoting sustainable development beyond just the fishing industry we are part of," Tvedt added.


"It is exciting to participate in a project that contributes to the advancement of a green transition in fisheries, and we are very pleased to once again receive the contract from Ava Ocean for the refurbishment of the Artemis Arctic. We look forward to continuing our successful collaboration and contributing to Ava Ocean's unique fishery," said Dag Vikestrand, Managing Director of Fiskerstrand Shipyard.

Continuing historical non-invasive fishery in the Barents Sea

Ava Ocean has developed a unique harvesting system that gently lifts bottom-dwelling seafood from the seabed, drastically reducing the impact on marine fauna and minimising bycatch compared to traditional fishing gear. Because of the documented non-invasive nature of the concept, the company has been awarded the first quota to fish Arctic scallops in the Barents Sea in over 30 years. The previous vessel, Arctic Pearl, harvested scallops valued at 107 million NOK (approximately £8.5 million) in its first year but faced challenges with the onboard factory production.


The renovation includes the installation of the innovative harvesting system and a new frozen-at-sea processing factory, financed through a collaboration involving Innovation Norway, Eksfin, and Sparebanken Møre.


Ava Ocean has selected Fiskerstrand Shipyard, located just outside Ålesund, Norway, to prepare its new vessel for the company’s historic fishery, harvesting Arctic scallops in the Barents Sea with its award-winning technology.

Rebuild project commences for Ava Ocean’s new non-invasive scallop harvesting vessel 

Ocean Green project brings together diverse minds to get creative on urchin-kelp challenge


"An urchin does not want to be removed from its rock or it’s place on the sea floor," states Terje Stokkevåg, senior R&D engineer with Ava Ocean and one of the brains behind a tool that has already revolutionised scallop fishing and that is now being adapted to solve Northern Norway’s urchin problem.


This might seem like an obvious statement but is just one of the many challenges that engineers, trying to remove millions of these creatures, must grapple with.


Stokkevåg talks of having to ‘get inside the mind of an urchin and think like an urchin.’ What is also apparent is that you have to think outside the box.


The Ocean Green project is a diverse consortium and what Stokkevåg and the other engineers bring is a diversity of thinking, married up with experts on conservation, restoration, fisheries and more.


Stokkevåg example, came to Ava Ocean and came to the world of scallops, urchins and kelp restoration not from an ocean-going role but from something drastically different: the Texas oil and fracking industry. What’s clear is that his experience in R&D – 

an area the UN says is hugely underfunded around ocean projects

 – means he sometimes takes an unusual route to his goal. For example, Stokkevåg talks of having employed ‘a helicopter engine and the world’s largest hydraulic power pack’ in his fracking work and, while his passion for a far greener project is clear, his ingenuity remains as crucial to its success as before.


So what is his approach to urchin removal? "You have to have a game plan," he says, talking about the things you might expect – 3D printers and scale tanks – to the far-less expected: dump trucks to hand mixers.


He is Doc Brown from Back to the Future, working through any way to harvest urchins in order to restore kelp for future generations.


He has weighted ‘urchins’ made from a type of rubber that, in the last round of testing, could be harvested at a rate of around 70% by their scale model tool. But for him, that’s not enough. "The goal is to make it 100% in a controlled environment," he explains. "Once you have that in the aquarium, and it is as good as possible, that is when you take it out into mother nature – because that’s where you’re going to face the real obstacles."


These obstacles come in many forms. They might be predictable – "managing the GPS-controlled positioning of the vessel to the impact of its thrusters and how water currents might shift the harvester". Then there are also the potential for challenges that you haven’t fully anticipated. "You need to be prepared for everything – including all the things that won’t happen," he says.

Of course, if the goal was simply to remove the urchins that have grazed down kelp forests to urchin barrens covering an estimated equivalent of one million football fields, that would be a less complicated task.


But while the spotlight is on the urchin at the moment, Ocean Green is about much more than establishing a fishery and the economic force that a circular economy can provide. The project is ultimately about kelp.


"We need to keep focus on the fact that what we’re trying to do here is restore the kelp forests that used the thrive here," says Dagny-Elise Anastassiou, chief impact officer at Ava Ocean, whose job it is to oversee the consortium and make sure that, as urchins are gathered, processed and turned into economically viable products, the surrounding environment remains undamaged and allowed to flourish.


"This is about bringing back biodiversity," she explains. "We know we’ll see an abundance of life return once the kelp is allowed to grow back on these barrens," adds Anastassiou, "but that is a challenge in itself. We need to make sure that, by harvesting these urchins, we do not damage the ecosystem, that we do not further impact the local biodiversity. Together with engineers like Terje, we need to monitor and assess the impact of the urchin removal process."


And that means that, even as the urchins cling to their spot in the barren and Stokkevåg uses his ingenuity to get inside the mind of these spiky, voracious creatures and remove them in their millions, it must all be done with delicacy and balance – with kelp and biodiversity in mind as well.


Where engineering and conservation come together to solve Northern Norway’s urchin problem

‘You’ve got to get inside the mind of an urchin’

Being endorsed under the Marine Life 2030 action stream, the Ocean Green project is among a select group of leading global initiatives recognised for tackling critical ocean challenges.

The Ocean Green project is tackling the devastating impact of sea urchin barrens in Northern Norway – areas where overpopulations of sea urchins have destroyed vital kelp forests and unbalanced ecosystems. By using Ava Ocean’s innovative seabed harvesting technology for efficient harvesting or urchins, the project aims to restore these crucial ecosystems while also creating a sustainable economic value chain from the harvested urchins.

UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030)

 is a global initiative aiming to foster scientific collaboration and promoting the sustainable management of the oceans. It focuses on generating transformative ocean science solutions for sustainable development, connecting people and the ocean.


The Ocean Green project has been endorsed under 

 actions which aims to establish a globally coordinated system to deliver actionable, transdisciplinary knowledge of ocean life to those who need it, promoting human well-being, sustainable development, and ocean conservation.


The Decade’s endorsement process is highly selective, recognizing projects that demonstrably contribute to its ambitious goals, including open data principles, co-design, and user engagement. The Ocean Green project's endorsement signifies its alignment with these core values and its potential for substantial global impact.

Ocean Green: Restoring Kelp Forests and Creating Economic Opportunity


Part funded by a NOK 47 million grant from Norway's Green Platform, the 

 project is a collaborative endeavour, bringing together a consortium of industry, research institutions, and local communities, including NIBIO, NIVA, Akvaplan Niva, Hofseth Biocare, and Across Nature. This multi-sector approach is vital to tackling the complex challenge of restoring kelp ecosystems and to create long-term, economically viable solutions that will make a positive impact.


Ocean Green is repurposing Ava Ocean's patented, non-invasive, seabed harvesting technology to efficiently remove sea urchins from the Tromsø area in Northern Norway. This technology, already proven successful in Arctic scallop fishing, will be adapted for the careful and efficient harvesting of sea urchins, even the smallest, which is crucial for kelp forest regeneration.


It is estimated that Norway has lost more than 80 percent of its kelp forests due to invasive urchin populations in the past decade. Kelp forests are vital parts of coastal ecosystems, providing nursery grounds for all kinds of fish, sequestering carbon, and protecting coastlines from erosion.


The project goes beyond simply removing the urchins. It aims to create a sustainable, circular economy by developing commercially viable products from these often overlooked creatures. This innovative approach addresses environmental issues while creating new economic opportunities for local communities.

UN endorsement highlighting the opportunities of restorative fisheries


Dagny-Elise Anastassiou, Ocean Green Project Manager and Chief Impact Officer at Ava Ocean, emphasized the significance of the UN endorsement of the project:


“Receiving this recognition from the UN means an incredible amount to us and confirms that what we are trying to accomplish in the Ocean Green project is of great importance and interest beyond just what we are doing in Tromsø. There is an urgent need globally for scalable solutions to combat sea urchin deserts and restore these vital ecosystems.


"It will be a total game-changer in the ocean restoration space if we manage to revitalize the kelp forest by developing a sustainable and regenerative fishery of these sea urchins, which will benefit both nature and local communities."


“We are thrilled to endorse the Ocean Green project as part of the Ocean Decade,” said Alison Clausen, Deputy Coordinator of the Ocean Decade. “By combining ecosystem restoration, innovative technologies, and community-driven solutions for kelp forest restoration, this initiative exemplifies the holistic approach needed to tackle pressing ocean challenges. We look forward to seeing its impact inspire similar efforts worldwide.”

The three-year project, which commenced early 2024, aims to demonstrate a scalable and replicable model for sea urchin barren restoration, inspiring similar initiatives globally.


The Ocean Green regenerative fishery and kelp restoration project in Northern Norway, led by Ava Ocean, has received official endorsement from the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030).

UN Ocean Decade endorses Ava Ocean’s kelp restoration project

For Dagny-Elise Anastassiou, chief impact officer at Ava Ocean, the Ocean Green project is an opportunity to help solve a problem seen in waters around the world, with sea urchin proliferation decimating kelp forests.
Having seen how Ava Ocean’s gentle scallop technology could re-open a fishery in the Barents Sea that had been shut for three decades, Anastassiou was confident it could be adapted to other sea life.

“I come from a research and conservation background and spent many years doing coral restoration and sea grass monitoring in the Caribbean, where I got really into the potential of kelp – especially when I moved back to Europe,” she explains. “Then, when I started with Ava Ocean, we began looking at the potential of not just scallops, but also marine resources lower down the seafood chain.”


Reading about the ‘urgent’ urchin problem in Norway – where some 80% of kelp forests have given way to urchin barrens – Anastassiou felt confident the firm could help. The problem however, was that while there is a market for scallops, the general response to the idea of harvesting urchins was ‘who in their right mind is going to pay us to do this?’


As she dived further into the world of kelp and urchins, Anastassiou says she came to understand that urchins today have no real value. What they needed was a product. But to invest in developing a product, you need to be able to harvest a good supply of urchins. So who goes first? It was a catch-22.

“We realised that we have to do it at the same time,” she explains. That was the beginning of the Ocean Green project, where a consortium of partners brings together industry minds, researchers, individuals that have been at the forefront of the urchin problem for decades.


As the project lead, Ava Ocean is key to getting enough urchins out of the water so that the other partners can do their parts in product development or marketing. As well as project coordination and management (work package one), Ava Ocean is the lead on work package two: Novel sea-urchin harvest technology. Having looked at numerous restoration attempts, Anastassiou says “the problem isn’t understanding what happens when urchins are removed: You remove urchins, kelp comes back.


“The issue is finding a large-scale technical solution that can go in shallow waters, that can handle tides and large changes in weather, that can go on uneven, large rocky areas, on bedrock, on sand. You need to be able to handle more than one type of substrate.” At the same time, this technology must be gentle enough and bring minimal disruption.


“It’s not just conservationists and researchers coming to the table,” she continues, pointing out for example that Ava Ocean’s engineer is a diver who comes from the fracking industry. The chicken-and-egg, ‘who goes first’ problem meant Ocean Green needed minds from outside the box – features Anastassiou says makes the project unique – and more likely to succeed.


Today, as Ava Ocean prepares its first pilot harvesters, Anastassiou is working on attracting new sources of funding for Ocean Green, which received 47 million NOK from the Norwegian government’s Green Platform to run for three years. She feels that regulation is going to galvanise businesses to get involved.


 came into play this year and that is a pretty big game changer,’ she says. ‘We’re going to see a lot of interest and we’re going to see a lot more funding become available – and it always comes down to funding.”


The flip side is that regulation around conservation is also set to pose challenges. “If an urchin barren is inside a marine conservation area, what does that mean for potential restoration efforts,” she wonders. “We’re talking about restoration by starting a new fishery. That’s not been done before.”


Ava Ocean, which is leading the project, is responsible for developing technology to gently but efficiently harvest urchins; 

 are fronting the research and development of urchin-derived products; Hofseth Biocare will be responsible for the marketing- efforts of those products. Wandering Owl contribute expertise to meet the social impacts elements of Ocean Green.


We’re talking about restoration by starting a new fishery: The large-scale ambitions of Ava Ocean

Meet the Ocean Green partners: Ava Ocean

Hartvig Christie has been in the urchin-management business for a long time, getting to work on his first kelp-restoration project back in 1988. He has since been involved in projects that support

 predation or that use quicklime to kill the creatures

 that are decimating northern Norway’s kelp forests.

Now, Christie, a marine biologist, is part of the NIVA team that makes up part of the Ocean Green project, bringing with him decades of urchin-kelp experience. And after all these years, the goal – and the challenges – remain the same. "The major task is to remove the sea urchins and help the kelp forest coming back," says Christie. "For our ocean, it's important to develop a tool or a method for removing the urchins – so that's the first challenge right now."


The loss of Amazon rainforests under water

Research that Christie worked on, published in 2021, put the realities of kelp-forest loss – and the potential held in their restoration – into a stark light, likening the loss of some 8,400 km2 of Norwegian kelp forests to Amazon deforestation, even though the two issues are worlds apart in terms of global attention.

"Norwegian kelp forests are important carbon sinks and nutrient filters, as well as focal points for high biodiversity and abundances of commercial fish species, generating an estimated €16.7 million per km2 per year," the researchers wrote. "In comparison, boreal forests are valued at about €0.24 million per km2, which makes kelp forests 70 times more valuable than their terrestrial counterparts."

They estimate that restoring the 5,000 km2 area ‘still dominated’ by urchin barrens would provide an extra €83.6 billion per year – a value they put at three times as high as all of Norway’s terrestrial forests combined.

"There is no doubt that if Norway lost all its trees today, there would be a public outcry over their disappearance and calls for immediate restoration actions; a perception that must be adopted for kelp forest ecosystems to firmly establish their conservation and restoration as an integral part on political agendas," wrote the researchers.


As part of the Ocean Green project, Christie and his colleagues at NIVA are responsible for work package three: the environmental impact assessment. This involves assessing not just the effectiveness of the tools developed by Ava Ocean in removing urchins but also their potential impact on non-target species and the surrounding habitat.

NIVA is currently working to identify grounds for urchin removal and will also be involved in monitoring progress as the project moves through urchin collection and into kelp restoration – something Christie explains often happens faster than you might expect.

"We have been very surprised about the recovery of the kelp because it's so efficient – even across really long distances." Christie points to examples in both open and more sheltered water where, if you’ve removed urchins sufficiently, researchers have found not only kelp spreading from further afield on the currents but also more kelp plants growing than would be usual. "Normally, in the kelp forest, you have about 10 adult kelp plants per square meter. But [we found one restored area] that had these very tiny juveniles and there were more than 400 per square meter."


Finding solutions for a worldwide problem

The urchin-kelp dilemma is one seen across the world as overfishing and climate change lead to decreases in natural urchin predators, allowing the invertebrates to proliferate, eating their way through essential underwater forests. The result is urchin barrens where there should be kelp.

In Norway, Christie points out that the "Norwegian coastline is two and a half times the equator: lots of islands, a lot of fjords and cold water." These characteristics create their own challenges when it comes to NIVA’s job identifying areas for Ocean Green to work on. Climate change and warming seas further complicate the picture, making it harder to predict what things will look like in the future. Christie uses the brown crab as an example. "The increase in sea temperature has created a northwards extension of brown crab," he notes, with the result that, "in some parts of the southernmost areas where we had these sea-urchin barrens, urchins have been partly removed through crab prevention. Sea urchins are a cold-water species and there has also been some impact on their reproduction," he adds. These ‘no action’ areas have resulted in the return of kelp, explains Christie, though the scale of the problem in Norwegian waters means projects like Ocean Green remain essential to kelp restoration.


These various issues – climate change, species creep, urchin management across smooth bedrock versus ‘stony bottoms’ that offer a multitude of urchin hiding places – offer up more questions than answers at the moment.

Christie talks about the scale of the issue too, noting the popularity of discussing these things in terms of football pitches. "Our calculation is more than 700,000 football fields of grazed areas," he says. Which is why a new, large-scale approach to restorative harvesting is so essential. The challenge, is to be ‘efficient’ enough for these large areas.

"This project has what you call good intentions," says Christie. "You start on the easy parts, then you can move to the more challenging tasks."

Ava Ocean, which is leading the project, is responsible for developing technology to gently but efficiently harvest urchins; 

 are fronting the research and development of urchin-derived products; Hofseth Biocare will be responsible for the marketing- efforts of those products. Wandering Owl contribute expertise to meet the social impacts elements of Ocean Green.



Lots of islands, a lot of fjords and cold water: Finding the right spot for restoration with NIVA

Meet the Ocean Green partners: NIVA 

By her own admission, Giovanna Ottaviani Aalmo is a person that sees things with a different eye. 

She has the type of eye that can connect a small dog-food production facility in Greenland making use of by-catch to a restaurant in Sicily where a fisherman and chef rediscovered an old family recipe that took a very cheap, almost unwanted catch and returned it to the delicacy it once was – and to the Ocean Green restorative-harvesting project.

Aalmo is a research scientist in the department of food production and society economics at NIBIO – one of Norway’s largest research facilities – with lead responsibilities for two of the Ocean Green work packages: WP4, which focuses on sea urchin valorisation and circular innovation and WP6, where the focus is on the socioeconomic impacts analysis of the main value-chains. This is Aalmo’s sweet spot.

"The objective of the Ocean Green project is to showcase the technical innovation of Ava Ocean in quickly the problem of having too many sea urchins, with the consequence that the kelp forests will be restored. What NIBIO needs to do is to look into the potential of those sea urchins that are going to be extracted."

Aalmo’s colleagues at the research centre are exploring a number of possibilities, including fertiliser – she notes that urchin-fertiliser has already been proven on basil; now they’re trying it out with strawberries. Then there is the possibility of higher-value products, made by extracting specific enzymes for example. For Aalmo however, the focus is very much on the chain of stakeholders involved – a reach that goes far beyond the consortium and its core goals.

Her role involves everything from focusing in on the areas where the urchin harvest will take place in order to facilitate the uptake of this raw material, to exploring what skill sets are available today – and where there are gaps – to best take advantage of the job-creation possibilities of opening a new fishery and resulting products. She looks at what has been done before, what has worked, what can be built upon. Aalmo brings in a policy view too: "I look at the current policy environment, at governance, to see how this is driving – or hindering – innovations in terms of product development."

She also explores where indigenous knowledge fits into all this – which is where the conversation goes from Norway to Greenland, to Sicily as Aalmo cites examples of regained knowledge coming together with social innovation to benefit communities.

"I'm dealing with social innovation," she states. "Social innovation is going to provide input to the business models and the governance and policy analysis, because what we want is to create a new policy."

Aalmo points out that her skill of ‘seeing things differently’ – and looking in places the traditional scientists working on product creation don’t look – provides a new perspective to those working to turn urchins into viable commercial products. The two perspectives serve the purpose of taking the possibilities further.

This is very much the Ocean Green approach. As crucial as the core urchin-kelp challenge is, the project is not seeking to solve only a single problem but to bring together people with different viewpoints to create a circular economy, to launch a new fishery that can bring economic diversification to coastal communities in Northern Norway, to deliver social benefits that goes far beyond the biodiversity boost and carbon sequestration that kelp restoration brings.

 is responsible for two of seven work packages and, alongside 

, is fronting the research and development of urchin-derived products. 

 will be responsible for the marketing efforts of those products.  Wandering Owl contribute expertise to meet the social impacts elements of Ocean Green, while 

 leads the project as a whole, adapting its specialised non-invasive seabed-harvesting technology to urchin catch.

Traditional and indigenous knowledge can also be used: NIBIO on the value of social innovation

Meet the Ocean Green partners: NIBIO  

"We want to make sure that the concept of restoring kelp beds on a large scale can be a self-perpetuating process," says Paul Renaud, a marine biologist and ecosystem expert serving as research and development manager for climate and ecosystems at Akvaplan-niva. "And that costs money".

As the lead on work package five, Akvaplan-niva is tasked with creating a viable financial and ecological model that supports the long-term financing, monitoring and sustainability of sea-urchin removal and kelp restoration projects.

"We want to point to the value of the project: the tangible market value of the sea urchins and the kelp but also the jobs that the small and medium-sized companies who maybe take advantage of this bring as well – from tourism to pharmaceuticals or chemicals that they can extract from these bioactive chemicals," he explains.

There is potential in both sea urchins and kelp within food production. Urchins contain enzymes that carry value. There is the biodiversity and ecosystem services delivered through restoration. There is "the recreational and cultural value of having the kelp beds that have been here for hundreds and hundreds of years, but which in the past 50 years or so have disappeared because of the spread of sea urchins – which in turn is likely linked to overfishing of sea-urchin predators, as well as perhaps the warming of the ocean," adds Renaud.

All these elements and more must be factored into any value assessment. "To actually try to get a composite value of kelp-bed restoration from all its different aspects," is the first step, quickly followed by finding those looking to pay for restoration to continue.

This is particularly appealing "as a mitigation tool for habitat destruction that might occur somewhere else," explains Renaud. "This is done all over the world. When someone wants to build a marina in some place and has to dredge that seagrass bed, they have to plant seagrass or mangroves somewhere else. If Ocean Green can be part of that mitigation process, the money coming in from those carbon credits would pay for future rounds of kelp restoration."

, published in 2023, found that 78% of companies have already implemented some type of carbon-credit purchase programme, with Nasdaq advising companies that their net-zero ambitions would be impossible without carbon-dioxide removal credits. It puts a $2 bn value on the voluntary carbon market, noting that the compliance carbon market value is close to $270 bn.

For Renaud and Akvaplan-niva, one current challenge is simply pulling together all the elements in the urchin-kelp value chain, work that includes an array of ecosystems, businesses and social elements, with input from another Ocean Green partner, NIBIO. "We're working together to split up different elements of the value chain," explains Renaud, pointing to the need to get out and talk to individuals, to companies about where they see value from the project as well. "We’re trying to say, for example, if we restore 20% of the possible kelp-bed area, it could lead to many new jobs in North Norway. But we need to talk to industry as well. We need to ask, If we restore this much kelp bed, what would do for your company?"

All these elements – a boost to business, diversification opportunities for these coastal economies, an attractive and realistic prospect for blue carbon – depend completely on the one thing Renaud says sets Ocean Green apart from others that have targeted the urchin-kelp problem before now: scale.

"This is the potentially large-scale restoration of kelp beds. If the harvesting works as well as we hope it does, it can also be applied to different kinds of habitats," Renaud says, adding that Akvaplan-niva is also linking the Ocean Green possibilities with some of its other work around reestablishing natural predators in the ecosystem, "so we don’t have to keep going back with boats and harvesters".

The goal is not just self-perpetuating finance, but self-perpetuating restoration.

"We want kelp restoration to be a self-perpetuating process": Akvaplan-niva on the possibilities of blue carbon and more

Meet the Ocean Green partners: Akvaplan-niva

Ava Ocean, a pioneering company in the seafood industry, was honoured with the prestigious Innovation Award at the bi-annual Nor-Fishing Conference for its revolutionary scallop harvesting technology. The company’s Ava Ray harvesting system is set to transform the way seafoods are harvested from the seabed and aims to drive green innovation in the seafood industry. 


"Operating in the challenging Arctic environment of the Barents Sea, our team of fishermen, researchers, and engineers has done an incredible job pushing the boundaries of innovation," said Øystein Tvedt, CEO of Ava Ocean. "Winning this award is a testament to the hard work and dedication of everyone involved, and it brings well-deserved recognition to our entire crew and partners."


Reopening a fishery closed for over 30 years

Ava Ocean's award-winning technology was developed over eight years in collaboration with SINTEF, a renowned Norwegian research organization, supported by the Norwegian Institute for Marine Research. This unique system uses precision water flow technology to harvest scallops without damaging the seabed. The innovation preserves the delicate marine ecosystem and it’s documented low impact enabled Ava Ocean to reopen the Norwegian Arctic scallop fishery after 30 years’ of closure.


"In early 2023, we successfully conducted our first commercial fishing trip using our new system, marking a significant milestone for our company," Tvedt explained. "Developing a completely new harvesting method from scratch is resource-intensive, but our team's efforts have paid off. We've managed to accomplish a great deal of innovation and development work, and this award highlights our achievements."


A year of fishing – proving the technology’s potential

The vessel "Arctic Pearl," used by Ava Ocean for scallop harvesting, has now completed one year of commercial fishing with the Ava Ray harvesting technology. The company has a five year research quota of up to 15,000MT per annum, and in its first year Ava Ocean landed roughly one third of this, proving the capability and potential of the harvesting system.


"Our journey has been challenging, but it has also been incredibly rewarding," Tvedt continued. "We are grateful to the regulators, partners, and especially our talented employees who have been integral to this project. This award belongs to all of them."

Through the historic reopening of the Norwegian Arctic scallop fishery, Ava Ocean has been able to reintroduce the unique Chlamys Islandica from the Barents Sea to the global seafood market and the Norwegian seafood export portfolio. These scallops are known for their delicate sweet taste and firm texture – a result of their slow growing in ice cold, Arctic waters.

“We are proud and excited to have been able to bring these delicacies back to the market. With our special story and sustainable harvesting method, these scallops represent something new and unique to the marketplace that fits well with many of the consumer trends at the moment,” says Anette Grøttland Zimowski, CMO of Ava Ocean.


The potential quota of 15,000MT per annum would represent a significant contribution to the scallop market, and will place Norway among the top scallop producers in Europe.


Ava Ocean's innovative technology represents a significant step forward in sustainable seafood harvesting. By preserving marine habitats while efficiently harvesting shellfish, Ava Ocean is setting a new benchmark for green practices in the seafood industry. As the company looks ahead to future seasons, it remains focused on driving positive industry change and enhancing the sustainability of global seafood supplies.

The company’s non-invasive seafood seabed harvesting system has been awarded this year’s Nor-Fishing Innovation Award.

Ava Ocean wins innovation award for unique seabed fishing technology

“We geared up, squeezing into freediving wetsuits, and then we jumped in into the four-degree water,” says Dagny-Elise Anastassiou, Sustainability Manager at Ava Ocean, which is leading the multi-partner Ocean Green project around Tromsø.


Guided by Delphin Ruche from Wild Lab Projects, Anastassiou was in the water with the Ava Ocean technical development team led by Bjørn Roppen and engineer Terje Stokkavåg, to see not only the urchin barrens that Ocean Green is seeking to drive out, but also the creeping success of existing kelp restoration efforts.


Norway has seen some 80% of its kelp forests disappear over the last half century – a problem replicated around the world as these essential habitats are lost to changes in ocean environments. Around Tromsø, an explosion of native sea urchins that eat the kelp has created the ‘urchin barrens’ that Ocean Green is seeking to restore.

“On one side of the pier, there’s just all these urchins,” explains Anastassiou. “Then we swim around the corner and it’s almost completely restored. It was really beautiful, really colourful.” This restoration has been done by hand, taking the not-for-profit organization Wild Lab Projects many weeks and many volunteers to clear this one small area.

Wild Lab projects is part of the Ocean Green team and brings to the mix a focus on citizen science. Anastassiou and the team got to experience firsthand just how hard it is to stem the spread of these prolific sea urchins that are responsible for the widespread decimation of kelp forests around northern Norway.

“We were given hammers, and Delphin said, Have at it! Try to kill a few,” says Anastassiou. “You see how hard it is to remove these urchins – I was lucky to do maybe three or four in one breath. Meanwhile, I was thinking about how many thousands there were just around the jetty.”


In recognition of not just the need to restore the kelp forests but also the economic potential of the harvested urchins, the Ocean Green project won 47 million NOK in Green Platform funding from the Norwegian government last year. Now in the early stages, the project is set to run for at least three years.
Anastassiou explains the next steps.


“This trip highlighted how a one-size fits all approach won’t work,” she says. “When you look out at a fjord it’s hard to appreciate just how varied the seabed is. Being able to come up with a solution that can work across large, flat areas as well as small, dense, rocky areas is going to be a challenge. We also need a solution that can handle all the elements: we're on the Norwegian coast where you've got proper, natural elements that you're fighting against.”


This is also about balance. “These urchins are not alien and we need to harvest them without damaging anything else,” continues Anastassiou. “These are fragile ecosystems: you don’t want something too industrial but you need to be effective too. There are a lot of things at play.”


This is where the Ava Ocean technology comes in. The lead partner on the project made headlines when its patented, gentle harvesting solution saw it successfully petition to have the Barents Sea scallop fishery reopened after 30 years. That technology is now being adapted to harvest urchins instead – and Anastassiou reiterates the need for multiple solutions.


“Not only are we making technology for large-scale restoration, we are also designing something that locals, that citizen scientists, can use,” she explains. “We want something handheld but that is more effective than freediving with a hammer.”


Ava Ocean’s engineers get familiar with the urchin problem and challenge ahead during trip to Tromsø.

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